Liaison office of Grand Ayatullah Sayyid Ali Al Sistani (L.M.H.L) in London, Europe, North and South America.
Usurpation means that a person unjustly seizes the property or right of
another person. This is one of the major sins and one who commits it will be
subjected to severe chastisement on the Day of Judgement. It has been reported
from the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.a.) "that whoever usurps one span of another's
land, seven layers of that land will be put round his neck like a yoke on the
Day of Judgement".
2554. If a person does not allow the people to benefit from a mosque,
a school, a bridge and other places which have been constructed for the use of
the public, he usurps their right. Similar is the case of a person who reserves
a place in the mosque for himself and does not allow any other person to use it.
And also one who drives that person out from that place commits a sin.
2555. If it has been mutually agreed by the mortgager and the
mortgagee that the mortgaged property will remain with the creditor or with a
third party, the mortgager (i.e. the debtor) cannot take it back before having
paid the debt. And if he takes, he must return to the creditor immediately.
2556. If a third person usurps the property which has been mortgaged
to a person, the owner of the property as well as the mortgagee can demand from
him the thing he has usurped. When the thing is returned from him, it becomes
mortgaged again. And if that thing perishes and its substitute is taken, that
substitute also becomes mortgaged like the original thing itself.
2557. If a person usurps a property, he should return it to its owner,
and if it is lost he should compensate him for it.
2558. If some benefit accrues from a thing which has been usurped, for
example, if a lamb is born of a sheep which has been usurped, it belongs to the
owner. Moreover, if, for example, a person has usurped a house, he should pay
its rent even if he does not occupy it.
2559. If a person usurps something belonging to a child or an insane
person, he should return it to his guardian, and if it has been lost he should
replace it.
2560. When two persons usurp a thing jointly, and if they have full
control over it, each one of them is fully responsible for the whole of it, even
if one of them alone might not have been able to usurp it.
2561. If a person mixes something usurped by him with another thing,
for example, he mixes wheat usurped by him with barley, and if it is possible to
separate them, he should separate them even if it may very difficult to do so,
and return the usurped thing to its owner.
2562. If a person usurps a piece of golden ornament, like an earring
and melts it, he should return it with the difference between the value before
and after the melting. And if with the object of not paying the difference, he
says that he is ready to make it like the original one, the owner is not obliged
to accept the offer. Also, the owner, too, cannot compel him to make it like the
original one.
2563. If a person changes a usurped thing into something better than
before, for example, if he makes an earring from the gold usurped by him, and
the owner asks him to give it to him in the same (i.e. changed) form, he should
give it to him in that form. He cannot claim any charges from the owner for his
labour.
Similarly, he has no right to give him the thing in its original
form without his permission, and if he gives the thing in its original form
without his permission, or changes it into another shape, it is not known
whether he will be responsible for the difference in the value.
2564. If a person changes the thing usurped by him in such way that it
becomes better than its original form, but its owner asks him to change it back
to its original condition, it will be obligatory on him to do so. And if due to
the change, its value decreases, he should pay the difference in the value to
the owner.
Therefore, if he makes an earring from the gold usurped by him
and its owner asks him to change it back to its original shape, and if after
melting it, its value becomes less than what is originally was before making the
earring, he should pay the difference.
2565. If a person usurps a piece of land and cultivates or plants
trees on it, the crop and the trees and their fruits are his own property, and
if the owner of the land is not agreeable to the crops and the trees remaining
on his land, the person who has usurped the land, should pull them out
immediately even if he may suffer loss for that.
Also, he should pay rent to
the owner of the land for the period the crop and the trees remained on his
land, and should also make up for the damage done to the land, like, he should
fill up the holes from which the trees are pulled out. And if the value of land
decreases because of that, he should compensate. Moreover, he cannot compel the
owner of the land to sell it or lease it out to him, nor can the owner of the
land compel him to sell the trees or crops to him.
2566. If the owner of the land agrees to the crops and trees remaining
on his land, it is not necessary for the usurper of the land to pull them out.
However, he should pay the rent of the land from the time he usurped it till the
time the owner of the land agreed to the trees and crops remaining on it.
2567. If a thing usurped by a person perishes and if it is like a cow
or a sheep, the price of each one of which differs on account of individual
characteristics, the usurper should pay its price; and if its market value has
undergone a change on the grounds of demand and supply, he should pay the cost
which was at the time it perished. And the recommended precaution is that he
should pay its highest price from the time it was usurped till the time it
perished.
2568. If the thing usurped by a person which has perished is like
wheat and barley, whose prices do not differ due to individual specifications,
he (the usurper) should pay a thing which is similar to the one usurped by him.
However, the quality of that replacement should be the same as of the thing
which has been usurped and has perished. For example, if he has usurped rice of
superior quality, he cannot replace it with rice of inferior quality.
2569. If a person usurps something like a sheep and if it perishes,
and if its market price has not changed but during the time it was with him it
became fat, the usurper should pay the price of a fat sheep.
2570. If the thing usurped by a person is usurped from him by another
person and it perishes, the owner of the thing can take its compensation from
any one of them, or can demand a part of the compensation from each of them. And
if he takes compensation for the thing from the first usurper, the first usurper
can demand whatever he has given from the second usurper. But if he is
compensated by the second usurper, that second usurper cannot demand what he has
given, from the first usurper.
2571. If one of the conditions of transaction is not present at the
time of sale; for example, if a thing which should be purchased and sold by
weight is sold without being weighed, the contract is void. And if the seller
and the buyer accept the deal irrespective of the mode of transaction, there is
no harm in it.
Otherwise, the things taken by them from each other will be
treated as usurped property and should be returned to each other. And if the
property of each of them perishes while in the custody of the other, he should
pay compensation for it regardless of whether or not he knows that the
transaction was void.
2572. If a person takes some thing from a seller so that he may see
and check it, or may keep it with him for sometime so that he may purchase it,
if he likes it, and if that property perishes, he should pay compensation for it
to its owner.